If you are strong believer in the role of technology in project management, spare a thought for times when even basic communication tools such as telephones were not invented, yet humungous projects such as the Pyramids, the Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal etc. were executed. These projects were well-planned with ‘concept models’ and ‘production management techniques’. In Europe, on the other hand, the fall of the Roman empire and the subsequent Dark Ages that followed, scientific development took a backseat. The invention of the mechanical clock and Guttenberg’s moveable typeface printing were the two inventions that provided two important planning tools for projects.